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2025, Vol: 15, Issue: 1
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Research Article 


Epidemiological and Genotypical Features of HCV in District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Khaista Munir, Muhammad Ajmal Khan, Bakhtawar Khan, Aftab Amin, Atta Ur Rahman, Amin Ullah, Mukhtar Ullah.


Cited By:1

Abstract
Objectives: Objective: The incidence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is high in Pakistan. The current study evaluates HCV risk factors, epidemiology, and genotype distribution in the less-developed Upper Dir Region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), Pakistan.
Methods: Blood samples from 500 outpatients from the Upper Dir Region were collected for initial screening using a strip-based immunochromatography test (ICT). In this study, ICT analysis followed Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for HCV-RNA confirmation. In addition, PCR positive samples were subject to genotypic description using genotype-specific primers.
Results: ICT analysis revealed that out of 500 patients, 13 (2.6%) were HCV positive. PCR analysis identified that 10 (2.0%) of the 13 HCV-positive patients were HCV-RNA positive. The overall incidence of HCV in the study group was 2.6%. The rate of HCV incidence was found to be higher in males (10/339 participants, 3.0%), while a lower incidence was found in females (3 of 161 participants, 1.9%). The patients between 45 and 60 years had the highest incidence rate (6 of 53 participants, 11.3%, P<0.05); while the patients between 25 and 44 years had an incidence rate of 4.2% (7 of 166 participants). Different HCV subtypes were also detected; 1a (two participants), 2b (one participant), 3a (two participants) and 3b (two participants). Three of the patients had untypable (UT) HCV genotype variants.
Conclusion: The study results suggest that; most of the cases were males and between 25 and 60-year-old. At the same time, several HCV subtypes are present in the inhabitants of the study area. Therefore, the presence of untypable genotypes may lead to diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties or failures. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(4):217-223.

Key words: Genotypes, Hepatitis C Virus, incidence, Untypable


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Munir K, Khan MA, Khan B, Amin A, Rahman AU, Ullah A, Ullah M. Epidemiological and Genotypical Features of HCV in District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021; 11(4): 217-223 . doi:10.5799/jmid.1036786

Web Style

Munir K, Khan MA, Khan B, Amin A, Rahman AU, Ullah A, Ullah M. Epidemiological and Genotypical Features of HCV in District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. https://www.jmidonline.org/?mno=302657071 [Access: April 21, 2025]. doi:10.5799/jmid.1036786

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Munir K, Khan MA, Khan B, Amin A, Rahman AU, Ullah A, Ullah M. Epidemiological and Genotypical Features of HCV in District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021; 11(4): 217-223 . doi:10.5799/jmid.1036786


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Munir K, Khan MA, Khan B, Amin A, Rahman AU, Ullah A, Ullah M. Epidemiological and Genotypical Features of HCV in District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J Microbiol Infect Dis. (2021), [cited April 21, 2025]; 11(4): 217-223 . doi:10.5799/jmid.1036786


Harvard Style

Munir, K., Khan, . M. A., Khan, . B., Amin, . A., Rahman, . A. U., Ullah, . A. & Ullah, . M. (2021) Epidemiological and Genotypical Features of HCV in District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J Microbiol Infect Dis, 11 (4), 217-223 . doi:10.5799/jmid.1036786


Turabian Style

Munir, Khaista, Muhammad Ajmal Khan, Bakhtawar Khan, Aftab Amin, Atta Ur Rahman, Amin Ullah, and Mukhtar Ullah. 2021. Epidemiological and Genotypical Features of HCV in District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 11 (4), 217-223 . doi:10.5799/jmid.1036786


Chicago Style

Munir, Khaista, Muhammad Ajmal Khan, Bakhtawar Khan, Aftab Amin, Atta Ur Rahman, Amin Ullah, and Mukhtar Ullah. "Epidemiological and Genotypical Features of HCV in District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan." Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 11 (2021), 217-223 . doi:10.5799/jmid.1036786


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Munir, Khaista, Muhammad Ajmal Khan, Bakhtawar Khan, Aftab Amin, Atta Ur Rahman, Amin Ullah, and Mukhtar Ullah. "Epidemiological and Genotypical Features of HCV in District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan." Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 11.4 (2021), 217-223 . Print. doi:10.5799/jmid.1036786


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Munir, K., Khan, . M. A., Khan, . B., Amin, . A., Rahman, . A. U., Ullah, . A. & Ullah, . M. (2021) Epidemiological and Genotypical Features of HCV in District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 11 (4), 217-223 . doi:10.5799/jmid.1036786


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